After setting up Server 2012 to domain with wrong previousely choosed network location, you was not able to change from the network location from "Public network" to "Domain network". I could get around this issue by join the server to a domain, and doing so would set the network location to "Domain network". Although this solution might not be ideal or even possible for some people.
Follow these steps to be able to change the network location:
- In "Server Manager" open the "Tools" menu and select "Local Security policy".
- Select "Network List manager policies" in the console tree.
- Open "All Networks" properties.
- Change "Network location" to "User can change location"
- Now reboot to apply the changes.